A obesidade é atualmente o principal problema de saúde em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Diversos recursos terapêuticos têm sido empregados para o tratamento da obesidade destacando-se os fitoterápicos, consagrados pelo conhecimento popular. Nesse contexto, a planta Hoodia gordonii tem despertado atualmente grande interesse mundial, principalmente pelas recentes descobertas e comprovações científicas da inibição do apetite e da sede pelo glicosídeo ativo P57 isolado de espécies da planta. Apesar disso, tais efeitos ainda não foram avaliados e comprovados em amostras comerciais do pó de H. gordonii (PHG), não existindo evidências científicas que garantam a sua eficácia e segurança. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar ensaios biológicos com ratos para avaliar a atividade farmacológica e a toxicidade de amostras comerciais do pó de H. gordonii. As amostras foram administradas por gavagem em doses equivalentes a 20 vezes as recomendadas para humanos em ratas Wistar durante 4 semanas sendo avaliados os parâmetros indicadores do efeito terapêutico. Após as 4 semanas, os animais foram sacrificados, e amostras de sangue e órgãos foram coletados e submetidos à avaliação dos indicadores metabólicos, endócrinos, hematológicos e histopatológicos. Os resultados demonstraram que para todos os parâmetros avaliados não houve diferenças significativas entre o grupo controle que recebeu somente solução salina estéril e os grupos tratados com PHG indicando que os mesmos, apesar de não apresentarem quaisquer indícios de toxicidade, são incapazes de produzir os supostos efeitos de inibição de apetite e consequente tratamento da obesidade.

Obesity is currently the main health problem in developed and developing countries. Several therapeutic methods have been employed for the treatment of obesity, especially herbal medicines, highlighted by popular knowledge. In this context, the plant Hoodia gordonii has currently aroused great interest worldwide, especially for recent discoveries and scientific proof of inhibition of appetite and thirst by the active glycoside P57 isolated from plant species. Nevertheless, such effects have not been evaluated and proven for commercial samples of H. gordonii powder (PHG), with no scientific evidence to ensure its effectiveness and safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct biological tests with rats to evaluate the pharmacological activity and toxicity of commercial samples of H. gordonii powder. The samples were administered through gavage, at doses equivalent to 20 times those recommended for humans, in female Wistar rats during 4 weeks for evaluation of the parameters indicative of therapeutic efficacy. After 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and blood and organ samples were collected and subjected to the evaluation of metabolic, endocrine, hematological and histopathological indicators. Results showed that for all evaluated parameters, there were no significant differences between the control group that only received sterile saline solution and the groups treated with PHG, indicating that the latter, although presenting no evidence of toxicity, are unable to produce the alleged effects of appetite inhibition and subsequent obesity treatment.

Macrophages are critical for natural immunity and play a central role in specific acquired immunity. The IFN-gamma activation of macrophages derived from A/J or BALB/c mice yielded two different patterns of antiviral state in murine hepatitis virus 3 infection, which were related to a down-regulation of the main virus receptor. Using cDNA hybridization to evaluate mRNA accumulation in the cells, we were able to identify several genes that are differently up- or down-regulated by IFN-gamma in A/J (267 and 266 genes, respectively, up- and down-regulated) or BALB/c (297 and 58 genes, respectively, up- and down-regulated) mouse macrophages. Macrophages from mice with different genetic backgrounds behave differently at the molecular level and comparison of the patterns of non-activated and IFN-gamma-activated A/J or BALB/c mouse macrophages revealed, for instance, an up-regulation and a down-regulation of genes coding for biological functions such as enzymatic reactions, nucleic acid synthesis and transport, protein synthesis, transport and metabolism, cytoskeleton arrangement and extracellular matrix, phagocytosis, resistance and susceptibility to infection and tumors, inflammation, and cell differentiation or activation. The present data are reported in order to facilitate future correlation of proteomic/transcriptomic findings as well as of results obtained from a classical approach for the understanding of biological phenomena. The possible implication of the role of some of the gene products relevant to macrophage biology can now be further scrutinized. In this respect, a down-regulation of the main murine hepatitis virus 3 receptor gene was detected only in IFN-gamma-activated macrophages of resistant mice.

OBJETIVO: Determinar uma associação entre o quadro clínico pré-operatório e os resultados das culturas de bile e da parece vesicular. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 28 variáveis considerando-se história clínica, exame físico e investigação laboratorial em 38 doentes portadores de colecistite aguda calculosa, submetidos à cirurgia de urgência. Este estudo prospectivo foi realizado em 19 meses, entre novembro de 1995 a maio de 1997. Foram realizadas culturas para agentes anaeróbios e aeróbios, em três diferentes meios de cultura (BACTEC 9240, BHI e HEMOBAC). RESULTADOS: Foram isoladas bactérias em pelo menos um meio de cultura em 68,2% dos doentes. Pela análise univariada, foram identificadas cinco variáveis pré-operatórias como preditivas de bacteriobilia: idade acima de 55 anos, temperatura diferencial axilo-retal maior do que 0,4°C, leucocitose acima de 12000 cels/mm³, neutrofilia acima de 75% e neutrófilos bastonetes acima de 4%. Devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra, não pôde ser observada significância estatística por regressão logística, embora pudesse ser observada em 98% uma tendência para determinação pré-operatória dos indivíduos com cultura positiva por meio do modelo baseado na idade e porcentagem de neutrófilos bastonetes. Pela análise em conjunto dos fatores preditivos, pôde-se observar que doentes com mais de um fator preditivo têm uma possibilidade significantemente maior para cultura positiva, quando comparado com aqueles com fator preditivo de bacteriobilia. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se, portanto, que pela utilização de dados facilmente disponíveis em doentes com colecistite aguda calculosa, a bacteriobilia pode ser previsível no pré-operatório,.

OBJECTIVE: to determine an association between the preoperative clinical status and the result of bile and gallbladder wall cultures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 28 variables regarding history, physical examination and laboratorial assessment in 38 patients with acute calculosis cholecystitis submitted to urgency surgery were prospectively studied during a 19-month period, between November 1995 and May 1997. Cultures for aerobic and anaerobic agents from both the gallbladder wall and the bile were performed, in three different culture media (BACTEC 9240, BHI and HEMOBAC). RESULTS: bacteria were isolated in at least one culture medium, in 68.2% of the patients. At univariate analysis, five preoperative factors were identified as predictors of bactibilia: over 55 years of age, a greater than 0.4°C difference in the axillary-rectal temperature, a greater than 12.000 cels/m³ blood leukocyte count, a greater than 75% neutrophil percentage and a greater than 4% rod neutrophil percentage. Owing to the small sample size, statistical significance of the series could not be noted by logistic regression, although a trend to preoperative determination could be observed in 98% of the subjects with positive culture, by means of the model based on age and percentage of rod neutrophil. By analyzing predictive factors jointly, it was noted that patients with more than one predictive factor have a significantly greater possibility to yelding positive culture when compared to those with up to one predictive factor for bactibilia. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that, in patients with acute calculosis cholecystitis, bactibilia may be predicted yet at the preoperative period, by using simple and easily obtained data.